高中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)梳理(一)

　　(2) beat + 對(duì)手，表打敗(尤指體育比賽) I can easily beat him at golf.

　　(3) defeat 表戰(zhàn)勝，接對(duì)手The enemy was defeated in the battle.

　　2. in the end, finally, at last

　　三者均可表示“(經(jīng)過(guò)周折、等待、耽誤)最后，終于”之意。不同的是：

　　finally 一般用在句中動(dòng)詞前面，而 at last 與 in the end 的位置則較為靈活;

　　三者中at last 語(yǔ)氣最為強(qiáng)烈，且可單獨(dú)作為感嘆句使用。After putting it off three times, we finally managed to have a holiday in Dalian. / At last he knew the meaning of life. / At last! Where on earth have you been? / But in the end he gave in.

　　另外，finally還可用在列舉事項(xiàng)時(shí)，引出最后一個(gè)內(nèi)容，相當(dāng)于lastly。 Firstly, we should make a plan; secondly, we should carry it out; finally we should make a conclu- sion.

　　3. by sea, by the sea, in the sea, on the sea, at sea

　　(1) by sea “走海路，乘船”，用來(lái)表示交通方式，同 by ship 同義。 These heavy boxes should be sent by sea.

　　(2) by the sea “在海邊”，相當(dāng)于 by (at) the seaside。The children enjoyed themselves by the sea on Children's Day.

　　(3) in the sea “在海里，在海水中” There are many plants and animals in the sea.

　　(4) on the sea “在海面上”，“在海岸邊”。I want to live in a town with a beautiful position on the sea.

　　(5) at sea 在海上;在航海 When he woke up, the ship was at sea.

　　4. be afraid, be afraid to do sth., be afraid of (doing) sth.

　　(1) be afraid 意為“擔(dān)心，害怕”，多用于口語(yǔ)，常用來(lái)表示一種歉意，或遺憾，后可接 so 或 not，也可接 that 從句。I'm afraid (that) 其語(yǔ)意相當(dāng)于 I'm sorry, but...。

　　-- Are we on time? 我們準(zhǔn)時(shí)嗎? -- I'm afraid not. 恐怕不準(zhǔn)時(shí)。I'm afraid you'll get caught in the rain.

　　(2) be afraid to do sth 常表示“由于膽小而不敢做某事”。She is afraid to be here alone. / He is afraid to jump into the river from the bridge.

　　(3) be afraid of (doing) sth. 常表示“擔(dān)心或害怕某事(發(fā)生)”。I was afraid of hurting her feelings.

　　5. live, living, alive, lively

　　(1) live adj.

　　① 活的;活生生的;(只修飾生物;只作前置定語(yǔ)) The laboratory is doing experiments with several live monkeys.

　?、?實(shí)況直播的 (不是錄音)It wasn't a recorded show. It was live.

　?、?帶電的;燃著的;可爆炸的 This is a live wire.

　　(2) living adj. 活著的，有生命的(作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)) She was, he thought, the best living novelist in England. / The old man is still living. (或alive)

　　(3) alive adj. ① 活著的;② 有活力的;有生氣

　　作后置定語(yǔ)：Who's the greatest man alive?

　　作表語(yǔ)：Was the snake alive or dead? / My grandmother is more alive than a lot of young people.

　　作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：Let's keep the fish alive.

　　(4) lively adj. 活潑的;有生氣的;活躍的(作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)) The music is bright and lively.

　　6. take off, take down, take in, take on, take up

　　(1) take off

　?、?(飛機(jī))起飛 A helicopter is able to take off and land straight up or down.

　　② 脫下(衣裳等);取下 He took off his wet shoes. / Who took the knob off the door?

　?、?休假;請(qǐng)假;歇工 When his wife was sick he took off from work.

　?、?(指觀念、產(chǎn)品) 大受歡迎;(事業(yè))突然發(fā)達(dá)，成功The new type of cell phones has really taken off. / His business began to take off when he was in his forties.

　　(2) take down

　　① 拿下來(lái);取下來(lái) He reached up to the third shelf of the bookcase and took down a dictionary.

　?、?記下來(lái) He read out the names and his secretary took them down.

　　(3) take in

　　① 接受 (房客，客人等);收留 The farmers took in the lost travelers for the night.

　　② 理解;領(lǐng)會(huì);明白 The boys could not take in his meaning.

　?、郯?涉及 The study of physics takes in many different subjects.

　?、苁股袭?dāng);欺騙We were completely taken in by her story.

　　(4) take on

　?、?接受;從事(某工作) After his father died, Bill took on the management of the factory.

　?、?雇用Is the supermarket taking on any more assis- tant?

　　③ 具有(新面貌、意思等) The city has taken on a new look.

　　(5) take up

　?、?從事某項(xiàng)活動(dòng);發(fā)展某種愛(ài)好 So many young men want to take up writing.

　　② 開(kāi)始做(某項(xiàng)工作);開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)(某個(gè)課程) Then she took up the task of getting the breakfast. / He dropped medicine and took up physics.

　?、?占去 (時(shí)間或空間) The meeting took up the whole morning. / The table takes up too much room.

　　④ 接受I'd like to take up your offer of a ride into town.

　　7. call for, call on, call up

　　(1) call for

　?、?來(lái)找(某人);來(lái)取(某物) I'll call for you at your house.

　　②要求;需要Success in school calls for much hard work.

　　(2) call on

　?、?call on / upon sb. 拜訪;去會(huì)(某人) I hope to call on you at your office at 3 o’clock today.

　?、?call on / upon sb. to do sth. 請(qǐng)/叫某人做某事He called upon me to speak immediately.

　?、?號(hào)召;呼吁;要求 The President called on his people to serve the country.

　　(3) call up

　?、?給……打電話(huà) (英 ring up) I tried to call you up last night, but no one answered the phone.

　?、?征召入役;調(diào)用 (后備部隊(duì)) Three boys in our street were called up last week.

　　8. too much, much too

　　(1) too much “太多”之意，可以作形容詞，修飾不可數(shù) 名詞，也可作副詞，修飾動(dòng)詞。 There is too much rain here in spring. / She talked too much at the meeting.

　　(2) much too “簡(jiǎn)直太，過(guò)于”，只能作副詞，用來(lái)修飾 形容詞或別的副詞，不能修飾動(dòng)詞。This book is much too difficult for me. / The old man walks much too slowly.

　　9. custom, habit

　　(1) custom 指?jìng)鹘y(tǒng)風(fēng)俗、習(xí)俗，也可指生活習(xí)慣，后接不定式。They broke some of the old customs. / It is the custom in China to eat dumplings during the spring Festival.

　　(2) habit 指?jìng)€(gè)人生活習(xí)慣。“(有)養(yǎng)成……習(xí)慣”常

　　用be in / fall into / get into / form / have the habit of doing sth. 句型;“戒掉……習(xí)慣”常用 give up / kick / break away from / get out of the habit of doing sth. 句型。It's easy to get into a bad habit but its hard to give it up. / The drug easily get one into the habit of smoking.

　　10. arise, rise, raise

　　raise vt.“使……上升;升起;提高”等;

　　rise vi.“上升;升起”;

　　arise vi.“站起來(lái)(stand up)”，“起床(get up)”，rise和arise用作站起，起床都屬正式用法;arise主要表示“出現(xiàn)、發(fā)生”等意思。She raised her voice in anger. (抬高) The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground. (刮起) The child rose from the ground and ran to his mother. (=The child raised himself from the ground and ran to his mother.) (爬起) She rises before it is light. (起床) Difficulties will arise as we do the work. (出現(xiàn))

　　高中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)梳理(二)

　　1. can't help doing sth. 禁不住做某事，不由得不做某事

　　She couldn't hep smiling.

　　[比較]

　　(1) can't help but do 不得不……;不能不 When the streets are full of melting snow, you can't help but get your shoes wet.

　　(2) cannot but 不能不，只能He could not but feel disappointed.

　　[歸納]

　　(1) help (sb.) (to) do sth. Help me get him back to bed at once. / By helping them we are helping save ourselves.

　　(2) help...with sth. 幫助……做某事 In those days he used to help her mother with her gardening.

　　(3) help oneself / sb. to sth. 給自己 / 別人夾菜 / 拿煙

　　等;擅自拿用 May I help you to some more vegetables?

　　(4) help...in sth. 在……方面幫助某人 She offered to help Rose in the housekeeping when I am not here.

　　(5) help out 幫忙 (做事;克服困難等) I've often helped Bob out when he's been a bit short of money.

　　2. 含go的短語(yǔ)

　　① go around 到處走/跑.(疾病)流傳，(謠言)傳開(kāi);go after 追求;go ahead 說(shuō)吧，請(qǐng)吧，做吧;go away 離開(kāi)，出去

　?、?go back 走網(wǎng)頭路，翻悔改變;go bad 變壞;go boating 去劃船

　?、?go fishing 去釣魚(yú);go for a walk去 散步

　?、?go hiking 去徒步旅行;go home 回家

　?、?go in for 喜愛(ài)，從事于;go into 進(jìn)入，加入

　　⑥ go mad 發(fā)瘋

　?、?go off 離去，去世;go on 繼續(xù)，進(jìn)展，依據(jù);go on doing 繼續(xù)做;go out 出去，發(fā)出去，熄滅，不時(shí)興;go over 研究，檢查，搜查

　　⑧ go shopping 去商店;go skating 去滑冰;go straight along 沿著;go swimming 去游泳

　?、?go through 通過(guò)，經(jīng)受，仔細(xì)檢查;go to bed 上床

　　⑩ go up 上升

　　⑪ go wrong 走錯(cuò)路，誤入歧途

　　[例句] We'll go through the items one by one. 我們要逐條研究。She has gone back to her old habits. 她又回到了已往的習(xí)慣。Come on Sunday by yourself - we can go over the house together. 星期天你要過(guò)來(lái).我們一起檢查一下房子。His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep. 他的演講持續(xù)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，結(jié)果人們開(kāi)始想睡。That expression has gone out. Nobody Uses it today. 那個(gè)短語(yǔ)已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)了，現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有人在用它。The young fellow hasn't realized that he has gone wrong. 這個(gè)年輕人還沒(méi)有意識(shí)到他已經(jīng)誤入歧途。Tired of going shopping with his wife，Mr. Liu pretended to have something important to do. 厭煩與妻子一起去購(gòu)物，劉先生假裝有重要的事情要做。

　　【考例2】(2004北京) I don't ____ rock' n' roll. It's much too noisy for my taste.

　　A. go after B. go away with

　　C. go into D. go in for

　　[考查目標(biāo)] 此題主要考查四個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的意思。

　　[答案與解析]D go after 追求;go away with 帶走;go into進(jìn)入，加入;go in for 喜愛(ài)，愛(ài)好。根據(jù)句子意思“搖滾音樂(lè)太嘈雜。不合乎我的口味.所以我不喜歡”。

　　【考例】(NMET 1998) Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ____.

　　A. be put up B. give in

　　C. be turned on D. go out

　　[考查目標(biāo)]此題主要考查四個(gè)短語(yǔ)的意思。

　　[答案與解析] D put up 掛起;give in 屈服;turn on 打開(kāi);go out 熄滅。本句話(huà)意思是“沒(méi)有人注意到賊溜進(jìn)了屋子，因?yàn)闊襞銮上缌?rdquo;。

　　3. go wrong

　　(1) 走錯(cuò)路;弄錯(cuò)方向

　　(2) 失敗;不順利All our plans went wrong. / Everything went wrong in those days.

　　(3)發(fā)生故障 The clock went wrong.

　　[比較]表示“變?yōu)?rdquo;的系動(dòng)詞

　　(1) go 表示由積極向消極方面變化Fish soon goes bad in hot weather. 又如：go mad / pale / blind / hungry

　　(2) become / get 表示由積極向消極或消極向積極方

　　面變化 The weather is getting quite warm. / Gradually he became silent.

　　(3) turn 多接表顏色的詞 This ink turns black when it dries. / He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.

　　注意：become a writer

　　(4) grow 側(cè)重變化過(guò)程 The sea is growing calm.

　　(5) fall 進(jìn)入某種狀態(tài) All three children fell asleep.

　　4. owe...to... 受到恩惠;歸功于……

　　(1) 欠(錢(qián))owe sb. money = owe money to sb.

　　I owe ￡50 to my tailor. = I owe my tailor ￡50.

　　(2) 得過(guò)(某人的)好處;欠(某人的)人情債

　　We owe a great deal to our parents and teachers.

　　(3) 應(yīng)當(dāng)給予 You owe me an apology.

　　(4) ……應(yīng)歸功于;……都虧得

　　We owe the general theory of relativity to Einstein.

　　[拓展]表示“由于”的詞組：owing to / because of / thanks to / due to / as a result of

　　5. take one's place

　　(1) 入座，站好位置，取得地位Take your places, please. We are about to start.

　　(2) take one's place = take the place of sb. 代替(職務(wù)或工作等);接替Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains in England.

　　[比較]

　　(1) in place (of)代替;……而不用The grown-ups had coffee but the children wanted milk in place of coffee.

　　(2) take one's seat 在自己座位上坐下;有時(shí)等于 take one's place：More men entered and took their seats.

　　6. think highly of 贊揚(yáng)

　　表贊賞的詞有：

　　(1) think / speak highly / well / much...of: The people think very highly of him.

　　表認(rèn)為不好的詞有：

　　(2) think little / badly / poorly / nothing...of: Joan thought little of walking two miles to school.

　　7. 含“動(dòng)詞 + away”的短語(yǔ)

　?、?do away with 去掉

　?、?get away 逃脫，(使)離開(kāi)

　　③ go away 離去，出去

　?、?put away 放好，把……收拾起來(lái)，存(錢(qián))以備它日之用

　?、?run away 逃走，離開(kāi)

　　⑥ smooth away 去除，克服

　　⑦ stay away (from) 不在家，外出

　　⑧ take away 拿走，帶走，奪去，使離去

　?、?throw away 扔掉.浪費(fèi).坐失(良機(jī))

　　[例句]Don't throw away such a good chance. Or you'll regret. 不要放棄這么好的機(jī)會(huì)，不然的話(huà)，你會(huì)后悔

　　的。Put away the tools before you leave. 離開(kāi)前把工具收拾好。Why did you stay away from school? 你為什么不去上學(xué)? I had hoped to take a good holiday this year but I wasn't able to get away. 我本打算今年好好去度假，但是我離不開(kāi)。

　　【考例】(2004重慶)Before the war broke out, many

　　people ____ in safe places possessions they could

　　not take with them.

　　A. threw away B. put away

　　C. gave away D. carried away

　　[考查目標(biāo)]此題主要考查“動(dòng)詞+away”四個(gè)短語(yǔ)的意思。

　　[答案與解析]B throw away 扔掉;put way 放好，把

　　……收拾起來(lái);give away 分發(fā).泄露;carry away 沖

　　走。本句話(huà)意思是“在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)以前，許多人把他們不

　　能帶走的財(cái)產(chǎn)藏在了安全的地方”。

　　8. 含“動(dòng)詞 + off”的短語(yǔ)

　?、?drop off 放下，下車(chē)

　?、?fall off (從……)掉下來(lái)

　?、?get off (從……)下來(lái)，動(dòng)身，起飛，脫下來(lái)

　　④ give off 發(fā)出，放出

　　⑤ jump off 跳離

　?、?put off 推遲，延期

　?、?set off 出發(fā)，引起，啟程

　?、?see sb off 為某人送行，為……送行

　?、?switch off 關(guān)掉

　　⑩ take off 脫，去掉，起飛，匆匆離開(kāi)，成名

　　⑪ throw off 匆忙脫掉

　　⑫ turn off 關(guān)掉，避開(kāi)，拐彎

　　[例句]The electricity supply must be turned off at the mains before you change the lighting circuit. 在改變火線前，主干線的電力供應(yīng)必須切斷。 Mrs Garey as usual went to the door to see him off. Garey夫人像通常一樣把他送到門(mén)口。He had to put off an appointment with me on account of illness. 因?yàn)榧膊〉木壒?，他不得不推遲了與我的約會(huì)。Before the body of the car can be properly repaired, all the external fittings must be taken off. 車(chē)身適當(dāng)修理前，所有外部的配件必須拿下來(lái)。The fire doesn't seem to be giving off much heat. 這爐火好像不大熱。

　　【考例】(2005廣東) John is leaving for London tomorrow and I will ____ him ____ at the airport.

　　A. send...away B. leave...off

　　C. see...off D. show...around

　　[考查目標(biāo)]此題主要考查短語(yǔ)see off的用法。

　　[答案與解析]C see off 意為“給某人送行”;send away意為“派遣”;leave off意為“停止，不再穿”;show around意為“帶領(lǐng)某人參觀”。

　　高中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)梳理(三)

　　1. The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low. 他沒(méi)能上電影學(xué)院是因?yàn)樗姆謹(jǐn)?shù)太低了。

　　該句巾的why引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，而that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。

　　1. 句中that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)reason的具體內(nèi)容，往往被看作是固定句型：The reason is / was that clause. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是reason / cause時(shí)，一般不能用because或why引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，以免造成語(yǔ)意重復(fù)。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是This / That時(shí)，可以由because / why引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。例如：One reason is that people traveled to America from all European countries.

　　【考例】(NMET 1999)

　　-- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

　　-- Is that ____ you had a few days off?

　　A. why B. when C. what D. where

　　[考查目標(biāo)] 表語(yǔ)從句。

　　[答案與解析]A 句子的意思是“那就是你請(qǐng)了幾天假的原因嗎?”因此可知答案為why。

　　2. why在句中是關(guān)系副詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞reason，同時(shí)它在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，此時(shí)why = for which，但要注意：關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用關(guān)系代詞that或which。

　　【考例】(2002上海春招)Is this the reason ____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?

　　A. he explained B. what he explained

　　C. how he explained D. why he explained

　　[考查目標(biāo)]定語(yǔ)從句。

　　[答案與解析]A what，how不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，排除B、C兩項(xiàng);the reason在定語(yǔ)從句中作explained的賓語(yǔ)，可填that / which，或者也可以省略。

　　2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark. 好多看過(guò)這個(gè)片子的人一想起片中鯊魚(yú)食人的場(chǎng)面.就不敢下海游泳了。

　　該句是一個(gè)復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句，從when到句子末尾是狀語(yǔ)從句，在從句中包含一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞scenes; 在前面的主句里面。包含一個(gè)由who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞people。例如：Those who want to go camping next Sunday sign your name here before class is over.

　　定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞的選擇，要遵循“瞻前顧后”的原則，所謂“瞻前”即看前面的先行詞指人還是指物;“顧后”即后面的定語(yǔ)從句，看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作什么成分。例如：This is the factory where he works. (狀語(yǔ)) / This is the factory (that / which) he visited. (賓語(yǔ))

　　【考例】(NMET 1992)In the dark street，there wasn't a single person ____ she could turn for help.

　　A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom

　　[考查目標(biāo)]定語(yǔ)從句。

　　[答案與解析]D “turn to sb for help”為固定短語(yǔ)，意思是“向某人求助”，所以選to whom。

　　3. When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said that he owes much of his success and happiness to his wife and children. 當(dāng)有人問(wèn)起他成功的秘訣時(shí)。史蒂文·斯皮爾伯格說(shuō)起他的成功和幸福主要來(lái)自于妻子和孩子。

　　該句中的 "when" 是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的省略形式。在狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果從句主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致或從句主語(yǔ)是it，而且從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be或包含be時(shí)，常常將從句主語(yǔ)與be省略。例如：Although born in Chicago, the author is famous for his stories about New York.

　　【考例】 (2003上海春招) Unless ___to speak，you should remain silent at the conference.

　　A. invited B. inviting

　　C. being invited D. having invited

　　[考查目標(biāo)]狀語(yǔ)從句的省略現(xiàn)象。

　　[答案與解析]A unless為連詞，后面省略了you are，所以選invited。

　　4. Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table. 在餐桌上，懂禮節(jié)意味著你知道如何使用刀叉，何時(shí)祝酒以及如何在用餐時(shí)舉止得體。

　　該句中having good manners為v-ing形式作主語(yǔ)。例如：Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.

　　▲友情提示：在v -ing 形式前加形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格，構(gòu)成v -ing復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。

　　【考例5】(2001上海)Fishing is his favorite hobby, and ____.

　　A. he'd like to collect coins as well

　　B. he feels like collecting coins, too

　　C. to collect coins is also his hobby

　　D. collecting coins gives him great pleasure

　　[考查目標(biāo)]v -ing 作主語(yǔ)。

　　[答案與解析]D A、B、C三項(xiàng)句法都無(wú)錯(cuò)誤，但在and連接的并列句中，兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主語(yǔ)要保持一致的形式 fishing and collecting coins分別做兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主語(yǔ)。

　　5. It's polite to finish eating everything on your plate, so don't take more food than you need. 餐盤(pán)里的東西要吃光才禮貌，所以不要多拿。

　　該句中的it為形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為to finish eating …例如：It's not right to tell lies. 撒謊是不對(duì)的。

　　it作為形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的句型有：

　　1. It + be + adj. + to do sth 2. It + be + n. + to do sth

　　3. It + be + PP. to do sth

　　【考例】(2001上海) In fact ____ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.

　　A. this B. that C. there D. it

　　[考查目標(biāo)] 形式主語(yǔ)。

　　[答案與解析]D 只有it才可以作形式主語(yǔ)。

　　【句型歸納】

　　1. When / While / Though / Unless / If + n. / adj. / 現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞……

　　狀語(yǔ)從句有些成分有時(shí)可省略，一般是主語(yǔ)和be省略;有時(shí)it和be可以省略： He made no answer when (he is) spoken to. /Though (he was) born in Chicago, the author is most famous for his stories about New York. / Come back early if (it is) possible.

　　[注意]用法詳見(jiàn)Chapter 10語(yǔ)法活用“省略和插入語(yǔ)”。

　　2. Not only / just…but (also) 連接相同的句子成分

　　Not only the teacher but all the students are going to visit the Science Museum. (連接主語(yǔ)時(shí)根據(jù)就近原則) / They not only sang but (also) danced for a whole night. / Many people go to see this film not just because the film is interesting, but also the leading actors and actresses are all world famous. / Not only do we learn for our country, but we'll work for her in the future. (連接句子時(shí)，not only后的句子要部分倒裝)

看過(guò)“高中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)梳理 ”