5. This essay gives a new insight into imperialism. Yes, he has succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing".

　　6. Orwell is good at the appropriate use of simple but forceful words and the clever choice of the scenes he describes. His lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details efficiently conveyed to the readers the central idea "all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact", the fact that the people are not considered or treated as human beings.

　　IV.

　　1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.

　　2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).

　　3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.

　　4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.

　　5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.

　　6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.

　　7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.

　　8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.

　　9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas (for these trips 42V.Ⅵ.Ⅶ. would not be interesting).

　　10.life is very hard for ninety percent of the people.With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil.

　　11.She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community，that。she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal.

　　12.People with brown skins are almost invisible.

　　13.The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies.

　　14.How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?。

　　15.Every white man，the onlookers，the officers on their horses and the white N.C.Os.marching with the black soldiers，had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind.

　?、?See the translation of the text.

　?、?

　　1.chant：words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice

　　2.navvy：abbreviation of “navigator”，a British word meaning an unskilled laborer，as on canals，，roads，etc.

　　3.Stow：put or hide away in a safe place

　　4.warp：bend，curve，or twist out of shape

　　5.self-contained：self—sufficient;having within oneself or itself all that is necessary

　　6.wretched：poor in quality，very inferior

　　7.mummified：thin and withered，looking like a mummy

　　8.reach—me—down：(British colloquialism)second—hand or ready—made clothing

　　9. charger：a horse ridden in battle or on parade

　　Ⅶ.

　　1.cry指因痛苦、憂傷或悲哀而發(fā)出悲切的聲音，并伴以流 淚。weep更具體，強調(diào)流淚;sob指嗚嗚咽咽、一吸一頓 地哭泣;wail指無法抑制悲哀而拖長聲調(diào)痛哭;whimper43 指像受驚的小孩一樣聲音壓抑地、時斷時續(xù)地哭;moan 則指因悲傷或痛苦而低聲地、拖長聲調(diào)地哀嘆。

　　2.mania本指狂郁精神病所表現(xiàn)出的癥狀，具體表現(xiàn)為喜怒無常，時哭時笑，行為不能自制;delirium指暫時性精神極端錯亂(如酒醉發(fā)燒時)，具體表現(xiàn)為煩躁不安、語無倫次和產(chǎn)生幻覺;frenzy是非醫(yī)學(xué)用語，指狂暴不能自制。 hysteria在精神病學(xué)上指心因性紊亂，表現(xiàn)為容易激動、焦躁不安、感官和運動功能紊亂以及不自覺地模擬眼瞎、 耳聾等。用于引申義時，mania指對于某事的愛好達(dá)到狂熱的程度，成為癖好，如a mania for drinking(嗜酒);delirium 指極度興奮，如a delirium of joy(狂喜);hysteria指強烈的、不可控制的感情爆發(fā)，如：She laughed and cried in her hysteria.(她又是笑又是哭，感情難以控制。)。

　　3.flash指突發(fā)的、短暫而耀眼的閃光;gleam指黑暗中閃現(xiàn)出的一束穩(wěn)定的光線;sparkle指星星點點的閃光;glitter 指由物體反射出的星星點點的閃光;glisten指外部亮光反 射于沾水的平面上而顯出的光亮;shimmer指由微波蕩漾的水面反照出的柔和的閃光。

　?、?

　　1.burying—ground(verbal noun in— ing + noun)：drinking cup， hiding place，diving board，waiting room，freezing point， carving knife，writing desk，typing paper，swimming suit

　　2.gravestone(noun +noun)：oilwell，silkworm，shirt— sleeves，girl—friend，gaslight，bloodstain，frogman，win— dow—pane

　　3.mid—air(adjective +noun)：half—brother，black—market， half—pay。darkroom，madman，double—talk，hothouse， handy man

　　4.orercrowding(adverb +verbal noun in—ing)：dry-cleaning，overeating，oversleeping，deep—freezing， underpricing， underrating，down—grading，up—dating

　　5.nine—tenths(adj.from a cardinal number +noun，from an44ordinal number) : one-fifth, two-sixths, three-eighths, one-ninth

　　IX.

　　1. "thread" as in "The little crowd of mourners...threaded their way across the market… ", indicating that the market was so crowded that the crowd could hardly pass through.

　　2. "rise", "sweat", "starve", and "sink" as in "They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard"-", giving a deep impression of how these people live a short and miserable life.

　　3. "sidle" as in "An Arab navvy working on the path nearby lowered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us", showing clearly how a shy man walked carefully.

　　4. "grope" as in "Even a blind man .'. heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand", presenting a clear picture of a blind man desiring to get a cigarette.

　　5. "mummify" as in "All of them are mummified with age and the sun "--", a forceful word indicating what a miserable state those women are in.

　　6. "hobble" as in"'" the file of old women had hobbled past the house with their firewood "'", indicating that these women could not walk properly because of the heavy load they were carrying.

　　7. "tip" as in """ its master tips it into the ditch """, showing how casually a master deals with his dead dog which has served him devotedly.

　　8. "stow" as in "I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place under his rags", designating how much the poor navvy treasured that piece of bread.

　　Ⅹ.

　　1.After the British army had lost all its equipment at Dunkirk, there was only a single armored divison left to protect the home island.

　　2. Although the dry prairie land will drift away in dust storms, it is still being plowed for profitless wheat farming.

　　3. If the educational program is to succeed, it has to have more than mere financial support from the government.

　　4. They have wasted their natural resources, which they should have protected and conserved.

　　5. Soon other settlers were coming in over the first rough trail which the Caldwell family had opened.

　　6. The Smithsonian Institute is constantly working, with little or no publicity, for a better understanding of nature for man's benefit.

　　7. Queen Mary was easily shaken by passions--passions of love and of hatred and revenge.

　　8. For a few days I dreaded opening the door of his office.

　　9. Concealed by the fog of early dawn, I crawled out and made my way to the beach.

　　10. Leaving the door of the safe unlocked and taking the leather bag of coins, I walked down the street toward the bank.

　?、?

　　1."Life on the farm is an eternal battle against nature" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity. It is a bad piece of writing. The writer of this paragraph has completely forgotten what he had started out to say. Instead of being an "eternal battle", life in this paragraph be-comes a pleasant and exciting experience--which it probably is, but that is not what the writer set out to prove.

　　"There are three reasons why I like Japanese food" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity because the writer introduces facts and ideas irrelevant to the topic stated in his opening sentence, e. g. "However, most Japanese love rice. One of my Japanese friends has at least two bowls of rice at every meal. " and "Also, from the male point of view, Japanese restaurants are attractive for another reason--the beautiful little doll-like waitresses, who bow and smile shyly as they serve your food.

　?、?

　　pulled, feel, goes, went, come, fe11, altered, paralyzed seemed, sagged, slobbered, settled, imagined, fired, collapse, climbed, drooping, did, jolt, knock, falling, tower, reaching, trumpeted, came, shake

　?、? Omitted.

　?、?

　　Shack Dwellers in Old Shanghai

　　At the edge of Old Shanghai, there were some areas neglected by the splendid city: they were desolate, dirty, and lay humbly at the foot of high-rise factory chimney. From the point of view of the city residents, these places were not suit- able for men. There, however, did live crowds of creature called human beings. They dwelled in the shacks they built themselves. A shack was made up of mud and dried hay--the former being the component of walls and the latter being the roof. Usually there was a small door with a thin wooden board and seldom was there any window. One could easily touch the roof with his hand. The shack was small and dim, thus the door was seldom kept closed. When it rained or blew, there was no more difference inside than outside.

　　How did they manage to live? Some of them were road builders: they dug hard with a pickaxe, pulled a huge stone roller to flatten the road, or dug gutters underground all the day. Some made a living by wheelbarrow. With a load of nearly 500 kilogrammes, they pushed forward sweating all over. Some dragged their rickshaws. And among those shack dwellers were many industrial workers, male and female. When a child grew to be thirteen, he or she started to work in a factory. In short, the vast majority of the people did toil but got a slight gain.