D.The long developmental period of some animals allows adults more time to teach their younghow to deal with the threats of predators.

　　11.The word "potentially" in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to

　　A.undoubtedly.

　　B.possibly.

　　C.unfortunately.

　　D.quickly.

　　12.According to paragraph 7, how do some animals ensure that other animalsunderstand that they are just playing?

　　A.By playing only with animals who are not predator.

　　B.By avoiding any aspects of the play behavior that are dangerous.

　　C.By practicing non-aggressive and non-predatory behaviors.

　　D.By using a set of signals that occurs only in play.

　　13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? With messages such asthose, even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.

　　There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play byothers, potentially leading to aggression. ■【A】This is especially true when play consists ofpracticing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. ■【B】Thus,many species have evolvedclear signals to delineate playfulness. ■【C】Dogs, forexample, will wag their tails, get downtheir front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play." ■【D】

　　14. Directions: an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary be selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervoussystems, mainly birds and mammals.

　　A.Although play often resembles aggression, flight, or other purposeful activities, researchersdo not degree on the reasons for and functions of play

　　B.Although many animals develop physically from play, too many young animals become victimsof their natural predators while playing.

　　C.Animals such as rats, dogs, deer, goats and monkeys learn how to be both dominant andsubmissive during play activities so that they will fit in better with their adult social groups.

　　D.The function of play is still debated in the research literature primarily because each animalspecies uses so few of the many available types of play behavior.

　　E.Energy expenditure and security risks are some of the costs to animals of play behavior,but the costs are not so great that they outweigh the long-term benefits of play to thespecies.

　　F.As experiments and observations have shown, animals that play at some stages of theirdevelopment obtain neurological, muscular, or social benefits from the play behaviors.

　　tpo30閱讀第3篇答案

　　1.原文中，同樣的behavior會(huì)同時(shí)發(fā)生在play和其他一些非play的情況中，所以B正確。A與原文第一句矛盾。C選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有提到。D選項(xiàng)與原文第一段最后一句矛盾。

　　2.看第二段的最后兩句。倒數(shù)第二句說(shuō)動(dòng)物玩耍的原因仍然在被debating，后面說(shuō)確定玩耍的作用(function)非常難，那也就對(duì)應(yīng)了原題的challenge。Because后面出現(xiàn)了原因，說(shuō)這些function是長(zhǎng)期的，其beneficial要到動(dòng)物成年才出現(xiàn)。所以跟A選項(xiàng)吻痕。B、C選項(xiàng)原文沒(méi)提到。D選項(xiàng)也和問(wèn)題無(wú)關(guān)。

　　3.Considerable：重要的，值得考慮的。選項(xiàng)A是最初的，B是實(shí)用的，C是最終的，D是重大的，有意義的。所以D符合，另外后文提到了各種cost和loss。所以可以理解considerable cost可以理解為一定量的損失或者風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

　　4.從Therefore開(kāi)始后面的都是potential cost。三種cost已經(jīng)用紅色字體標(biāo)出。B選項(xiàng)看似提到了，但是原文是說(shuō)失去了fat store的機(jī)會(huì)，而不是因?yàn)閜lay而build up了。所以B錯(cuò)。

　　5.這里提到的試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果。前面從in one research of study開(kāi)始描述這個(gè)試驗(yàn)，提到了兩個(gè)對(duì)比組，underdifferent conditions。后面是在說(shuō)結(jié)果，括號(hào)里面的內(nèi)容是對(duì)結(jié)論的解釋說(shuō)明。A,C,D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)一點(diǎn)兒都不沾邊。只要高中學(xué)過(guò)一點(diǎn)數(shù)理化就知道這個(gè)是控制變量的試驗(yàn)，所以答案選B。

　　6.原文中從other studies 開(kāi)始有描述了另外的觀點(diǎn)。說(shuō)greater stimulation不僅會(huì)影響大腦的大小，也會(huì)增加神經(jīng)細(xì)胞間的連接的數(shù)量，而這個(gè)stimulation是由active play提供的。根據(jù)上文，環(huán)境越復(fù)雜，activeplay就越多，因此stimulation就越多，導(dǎo)致動(dòng)物的大腦更大，也就更重。所以A選項(xiàng)符合這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。BCD都沒(méi)提到。

　　7.這道題的關(guān)鍵詞在于needed for survival。因?yàn)閜rey species和predator species對(duì)于survival的要求不同，所以導(dǎo)致他們play behavior也不同。所以選C。 A，B，D原文都沒(méi)提到。

　　8.comparative是相對(duì)的，相當(dāng)?shù)?。A是相對(duì)的;B是暫時(shí)的;C是充足的;D是完成的。所以選擇A。這里C可能會(huì)是迷惑選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)槠湟馑紟朐囊餐?，但是失去了原詞的"比較"的那層意思。

　　9.這道題中的原句主干是learning social behavior is important，特別是對(duì)于群居的動(dòng)物。然后用了monkey做例證。A選項(xiàng)只提到了monkeys要控制自己才能融入群體，但沒(méi)提到主干部分。 B選項(xiàng)說(shuō)自私和攻擊性強(qiáng)的動(dòng)物藥學(xué)social behavior，這就把其他動(dòng)物排除在外了，改變了原句的意思。C正確，不僅提到了monkey也說(shuō)到了其他的social animals(which means species that live in groups)為了融入群體要學(xué)social behavior。 D是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，原文并沒(méi)說(shuō)猴子太自私以至于不能理解give and take…與原文矛盾，不選。

　　10.根據(jù)young & adult定位到第六段第一句。說(shuō)成年動(dòng)物要讓年輕的動(dòng)物在相對(duì)安全的環(huán)境下玩兒。 因此可以得到答案C正確。A原文沒(méi)有說(shuō)讓young去學(xué)怎么dominant，B原文雖然提到social group 但沒(méi)提到是從adults身上學(xué)習(xí)。D原文完全沒(méi)有相關(guān)描寫(xiě)。

　　11.potentially潛在地。A市毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)地; B是可能地;C是不幸地;D是快速地。前半句中有May be，表達(dá)了一中可能性，后半句沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)折，應(yīng)該是接上上半句往下說(shuō)的。所以意思應(yīng)該想近。

　　12.這一段前半部分一直在描述說(shuō)有動(dòng)物之間會(huì)誤以為是真的aggression，中間出現(xiàn)了thus證明后面會(huì)說(shuō)解決的方法。這里說(shuō)解決方法是用clear signals 去表達(dá)playfulness。所以答案是D。

　　13.要插入的句子開(kāi)頭為With message such as those，那么說(shuō)明前面肯定會(huì)描述一些messages，后面又說(shuō)even dogs，那證明前面應(yīng)該也提到了狗的行為。所以這里應(yīng)該插在最后一個(gè)空里。

　　14.選項(xiàng)A對(duì)應(yīng)在原文第一段，提到play的行為包括了running，climbing，fighting等等aggression的行為，但是很難確定其function所以A正確。E對(duì)應(yīng)原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss ofenergy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到說(shuō)play是long-term beneficial的，第四段開(kāi)頭說(shuō)好處一定會(huì)outweigh其costs。B這個(gè)原文沒(méi)有提到，雖然第三段提到了potential cost，后面也說(shuō)adults通常會(huì)讓young在相對(duì)安全的情況下play，但并沒(méi)有說(shuō)太多太多的小動(dòng)物變成了victims。不選。C這個(gè)原文雖然說(shuō)他們要學(xué)social behavior，但沒(méi)提到說(shuō)這類動(dòng)物要學(xué)著去dominant，不選。D選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第一段，但選項(xiàng)中的原因和原文不符，不選。E對(duì)應(yīng)原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss of energy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到說(shuō)play是long-term beneficial的，第四段開(kāi)頭說(shuō)好處一定會(huì)outweigh其costs。F選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四，五段。第四段說(shuō)play會(huì)影響大腦發(fā)育，神經(jīng)細(xì)胞間連接的數(shù)量。第五段說(shuō)到了有益于muscletissue的發(fā)育。后文第六段也提到了social Benefits。