影響閱讀理解的內(nèi)部因素主要是閱讀者的知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)。此外，閱讀者的注意、記憶和思維也都是重要的內(nèi)部因素。以下是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為大家精心準(zhǔn)備的：tpo33閱讀答案，歡迎參考閱讀!

　　tpo33文章閱讀：

　　Evidence suggests that an important stimulus behind the rise of early civilizations was the development of settled agriculture, which unleashed a series of changes in the organization of human communities that culminated in the rise of large ancient empires.

　　The exact time and place that crops were first cultivated successfully is uncertain. Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged in dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival. The first farmers, who may have lived as long as 10,000 years ago, undoubtedly used simple techniques and still relied primarily on other forms of food production, such as hunting, foraging, or pastoralism. The real breakthrough took place when farmers began to cultivate crops along the floodplains of river systems. The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, nonmigratory) societies were born. As time went on, such communities gradually learned how to direct the flow of water to enhance the productive capacity of the land, while the introduction of the iron plow eventually led to the cultivation of heavy soils not previously susceptible to agriculture.

　　The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civilizations. The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. The need to oversee the entire process brought about the emergence of an elite that was eventually transformed into a government.

　　The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India, and China. How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have

　　discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages. By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community. In time, the “big men” become formal symbols of authority and pass on that authority to others within their own family. As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the “big men” assume hereditary status, and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy.

　　The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. ¢ With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities. ¢ While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. ¢ Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. ¢ Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.

　　tpo33閱讀題：

　　1. The phrase “culminated in” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) reached a high point with

　　B) logically followed from

　　C) partly contributed to

　　D) marked

　　2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following statements is true of early farmers?

　　A) They used farming to supplement other food sources.

　　B) They were driven out of small communities.

　　C) They were victims of flooding.

　　D) They farmed several plots of land at once.

　　3. The word “undoubtedly” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) increasingly

　　B) certainly

　　C) in general

　　D) apparently

　　4. According to paragraph 2, what are TWO reasons why farmers chose river valleys for cultivation? To receive credit you must select TWO answer choices.

　　A) The soils in river valleys were rich in nutrients.

　　B) The crops grown in river valleys were not completely dependent on rainwater.

　　C) Farming techniques could not be easily applied to soils far from rivers.

　　D) The heavier weight of river soil resulted in more reliable harvests.

　　5. The word “enhance” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) serve

　　B) improve

　　C) control

　　D) protect

　　6. The word “provoked” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) secured

　　B) coordinated

　　C) modeled

　　D) brought about

　　7. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a reason why governments first arose among agricultural communities?

　　A) A significant increase in population

　　B) The desire to control water resources for irrigation

　　C) The need for protection from outside forces

　　D) The demand for organized communication with other communities

　　8. According to paragraph 4, what is not known about the rise of the first civilizations?

　　A) Where the first steps toward civilization took place

　　B) Who was allowed to replace “big men” after the “big men” died

　　C) Why some individuals became recognized as leaders

　　D) How governments emerged

　　9. What is the relationship between paragraphs 3 and 4 in the passage?

　　A) Paragraph 3 explains why a need for leadership arose in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 describes how that leadership developed.

　　B) Paragraph 3 suggests that agriculture was first practiced in Asia and Africa, and paragraph 4 discusses how it might have later spread to the rest of the world.

　　C) Paragraph 3 describes several methods of early government, and paragraph 4 gives an extended example of one of them.

　　D) Paragraph 3 discusses a cause of the spread of river valley agriculture in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 discusses an effect.

　　10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A) Some cities were associated with economic activities, while others were government or religious centers.

　　B) Emerging cities generally served strategic administrative, economic, and religious purposes.

　　C) The creation of an economic or administrative activity led to the emergence of a city for its proper supervision.

　　D) Some cities emerged as economic centers and later became the sites of administrative or religious activities.

　　11. Paragraph 5 suggests that which of the following was a consequence of the emergence of cities?

　　A) The decentralization of authority

　　B) An increase in religious activity

　　C) The emergence of service- and production-related jobs

　　D) A decreased reliance on mineral resources

　　12. According to paragraph 5, why were huge walls built around early royal palaces?

　　A) To protect the inhabitants from invaders

　　B) To mark the urban areas

　　C) To separate the ruling class from the rest of the population

　　D) To represent the prosperity of a city

　　13. Look at the four squares [¢] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　This was accompanied by increased professional specialization.

　　Where would the sentence best fit?

　　14. Prose Summary

　　The practice of settled agriculture in some areas of Asia and Africa was crucial to the development of early civilizations.

　　Answer Choices:

　　A) Prehistorians disagree as to whether early farmers first cultivated crops along floodplains or first tried cultivating crops in less successful environments.

　　B) Cultivation in fertile river valleys resulted in predictable harvests, which meant that farmers no longer needed to migrate constantly in search of food.

　　C) Because crops could be cultivated more successfully where farmers were not completely dependent on rainfall, hostilities between groups arose over control of the river systems.

　　D) The need to organize the effort to ensure the food supply and defend the land led to the formation of elite supervising groups that eventually became the first governments.

　　E) Increasingly centralized forms of administration resulted in the emergence of social classes and in the development of cities as trade, administration, or religious centers.

　　F) Unlike other early civilizations, those that developed in the Indus River Valley did not have any spectacular palaces or areas for exclusive use by the authorities.

　　tpo33閱讀題答案：

　　1.A　　2.A　　3.B　　4.AB　　5.B　　6.D　　7.D　　8.D　　9.A　　10.A　　11.C　　12.C　　13.D　　14.BDE

　　托福閱讀TPO33原文 33-1-1 答案解析：

　　第一題，A，詞匯題。Culminate .v. 使結(jié)束，使達(dá)到高潮，使達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)。

　　第二題，A，細(xì)節(jié)題。定位為原文 “Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged independently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival.” 原文說當(dāng)人口增多，可得到的食物資源下降的時(shí)候，就開始種植糧食來維持生計(jì)，對(duì)應(yīng) A“他們用農(nóng)業(yè)來補(bǔ)充其 他食物來源”。

　　第三題，B，詞匯題，undoubtedly，doubted 加上否定前綴 un，表相信，確定，對(duì)應(yīng) B 選項(xiàng)。

　　第四題：AB，細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到原文“The real breakthrough took place when farmers began to cultivate crops along the floodplains of river systems. The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location.”標(biāo)紅的原文分別對(duì)應(yīng) B “not completely dependent on rainwater ” 和 A “ rich in nutrients”。

　　第五題，B，詞匯題。enhance: “to increase or improve”，增強(qiáng)，加強(qiáng)，提高。對(duì)應(yīng) B “improve”。

　　第六題，D，詞匯題。provoke: “to cause the occurrence of”，引起。對(duì)應(yīng) D “brought ab。

　　第七題，D，否定事實(shí)信息題。A 選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文 “The increase in food production in these，regions led to a significant growth in population;B 選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文 while efforts to control the flow of water to

　　maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas;C 選 項(xiàng) 對(duì) 應(yīng) 原 文 to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community。

　　第八題，D，否定事實(shí)信息題。A 選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文“The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India, and China (A 產(chǎn) 生 地 點(diǎn) );B 選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文“As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the “ big men ” assume hereditary status (世襲，子孫相傳)”;C 選 項(xiàng) 對(duì) 應(yīng) 原 文 By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents (成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者原因 ), these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community;D 選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文 How the first governments took shape in these areas is notertain (D 政府如何出現(xiàn)不得而知，所以不對(duì))。

　　第九題，A，第三段說明了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者即后來政府形成的原因，第四段講述了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者是如何形成的。對(duì)應(yīng) A 中 why 和 how。

　　第十題，A，由原句中 “While some..., other” 可知整個(gè)句子主要邏輯關(guān)系對(duì)比、比較。只有 A 符合原句的邏輯且 邏輯的承接語義沒有問題。

　　第十一題，C，細(xì)節(jié)題。定位原文“Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods.” 新的生活形式的出現(xiàn)是為滿足不斷增長的社會(huì)服務(wù)和消費(fèi)商品的需求，對(duì)應(yīng) C “service‐ and production‐related jobs”。

　　第十二題，C，細(xì)節(jié)題。定位原文 “ In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. ” 巨型圍墻的出現(xiàn)顯示了嚴(yán)格的等級(jí)特征，把城市剩余人口分隔出去。對(duì)應(yīng)C “把統(tǒng)治階級(jí)和剩下的人口分開”。

　　第十三題，D，插入句子題。This was accompanied by increased professional specialization 被插入句子包含信號(hào)詞 This，this 表示有指代關(guān)系，對(duì)應(yīng)上文。根據(jù)句子插入題拆分的方法，只有一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，按 照 was 來 拆 分 ， 該 句 后 文 應(yīng) 該 說 到 professional specialization 專業(yè)化分工，也就是說下句要說到的專業(yè)分工是上句中某現(xiàn)象的原因。符合此邏輯的只有最后一空。該空前講到了新生活形式的出現(xiàn)，之后列舉了像工匠、商人、武士、學(xué)者和牧師一系列專業(yè)工作職位。

　　第十四題，BDE，文章小結(jié)題。A.沒有提到不同意，也沒有提到在 cultivating crops in less successful environments;B.對(duì)應(yīng)文中第二段，講 river valley 的優(yōu)勢(shì);C.沒有提到不同組群的人因?yàn)闋帄Z河流系統(tǒng)的控制權(quán)而產(chǎn)生敵意;D.對(duì)應(yīng)文中第三段，講 first government 形成的原因;E.對(duì)應(yīng)文中第五段，講中央集權(quán)導(dǎo)致了社會(huì)階層和不同功能城市的形成;F.細(xì)節(jié)。

　　托福閱讀TPO33原文 33-1-1 參考譯文：最初的文明

　　有證據(jù)表明在早期文明崛起后的一個(gè)引起了人類社會(huì)文明一系列變化的重要刺激是農(nóng)業(yè)的穩(wěn)定發(fā)展，而這一變化使得大型古代帝國的崛起達(dá)到高峰。

　　農(nóng)作物首次被成功種植的確切時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)還無法確定。許多史前學(xué)家確信當(dāng)一些受持續(xù)增長的人口和一定數(shù)量的食物來源衰退所困擾的小群體開始為了能保證他們的生存而在土地中種植種子時(shí)，耕種已經(jīng)在世界上一些不同地區(qū)獨(dú)立出現(xiàn)了。第一批大約是生活在 10，000 萬年

　　的農(nóng)民，雖然還是主要依靠一些其它例如打獵、覓食或田園主義等形式的食物供給，但毫無疑問，他們已開始使用一些簡單的技術(shù)。真正的突破是當(dāng)農(nóng)民開始沿著河流體系泛濫的平原耕種農(nóng)作物開始的。這樣做的優(yōu)勢(shì)是在這樣的地區(qū)種植的農(nóng)作物不需要依靠降雨，因此豐收也就更加有保證。另外，由河水沉積而來的沉淀物給土壤帶來營養(yǎng)，從而使得農(nóng)民能夠很多年種植同一塊土地而不需要搬到新的地點(diǎn)。因此，第一批定棲的(沒有遷移的)社會(huì)就產(chǎn)生了。隨著時(shí)間的推移，在鐵犁的引進(jìn)最終使得農(nóng)業(yè)不再像以前一樣容易受到堅(jiān)硬土地的耕種的影響的同時(shí)，這些群體也逐漸學(xué)會(huì)了如何通過控制水流量來提高土地的產(chǎn)量。

　　在亞洲和非洲不同地方的河谷農(nóng)業(yè)的傳播速度是第一個(gè)文明崛起的重要因素。對(duì)于控制耕種面積灌溉的水量達(dá)到最大化和保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用衩馐苋后w之外的敵對(duì)勢(shì)力的侵害的努力促使大規(guī)模合作活動(dòng)的第一步，與此同時(shí)這些地區(qū)食物生產(chǎn)的增長導(dǎo)致人口的極大增加。監(jiān)督整個(gè)過程的需求導(dǎo)致了最終轉(zhuǎn)變成了政府的精英們的出現(xiàn)。

　　第一個(gè)文明崛起的明確的第一步于公元前三、四世紀(jì)發(fā)生在美索不達(dá)米亞、非洲北部、印第安和中國。關(guān)于這此地區(qū)的第一個(gè)政府是如何成型的還不是很確定，但是人類學(xué)家通過研究世界上不同地方的人類群體的演變發(fā)現(xiàn)在這個(gè)過程中有一個(gè)共同的階段就是在單獨(dú)一個(gè)或一些村莊中被叫做“大人物”的出現(xiàn)。這些人用他們軍事威力、人格控制或者政治天賦逐漸成為群體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。隨著時(shí)間的推移，“大人物”逐漸成為權(quán)威的正式象征而且把這種權(quán)威傳遞給他們自己家族的其他人。隨著群體的變大和物質(zhì)財(cái)富的增加，“當(dāng)這些群落的面積和物質(zhì)財(cái)富不斷發(fā)展壯大時(shí)，這些大人物就開始采取世襲制，他們的同盟和家族成員便轉(zhuǎn)變成了世襲君主王室。

　　定棲社會(huì)的出現(xiàn)對(duì)社會(huì)組織、宗教信仰以及人們?cè)谶吔绲纳罘绞蕉加兄苤匾挠绊憽ｋS著人口的增長和中央集權(quán)的發(fā)展，城市出現(xiàn)了。當(dāng)一些城市中心的特殊經(jīng)濟(jì)功能，例如黃金接近度、鐵礦床以及在貿(mào)易路線中的戰(zhàn)略位置被確認(rèn)時(shí)，其它城市則主要為行政中心、官方用以祭祀或舉辦其它儀式用的寺廟地點(diǎn)服務(wù)。在這些城市中，新的生活形式的出現(xiàn)滿足了社會(huì)服務(wù)增長和商品消費(fèi)的需求。一些人成為了藝術(shù)家或商人，而另一些則成了戰(zhàn)士、學(xué)者或者牧師。在這種情況下，在第一城市中的這種物質(zhì)分割顯示出了整體社會(huì)嚴(yán)格的等級(jí)特征，比如，一個(gè)被雄偉的圍墻所環(huán)繞的皇宮同時(shí)也把它從城市人口中分離出來。其它情況下，缺少了皇家選區(qū)和惹人注目的宮殿的城市彰顯了當(dāng)代同類城市的特點(diǎn)，就像印度河谷。