初三英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納
初三英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納:副詞
(一)形容詞的用法及位置
1.形容詞在句中作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般放在名詞前。
Eg. She has short hair.(作定語(yǔ))
Paul is tall.(作表語(yǔ))
We must keep our room clean.(作賓補(bǔ))
2.形容詞修飾不定代詞時(shí)放在其后。
eg.She has something important to tell us.
There’s nothing wrong in the sentence.
(二)副詞的種類(lèi)、用法及位置
1.副詞的種類(lèi)
(1)時(shí)間副詞
?、俦硎敬篌w時(shí)間:now,then,yesterday,today,tonight,before,just now,recently,so far
?、诒硎绢l率:always,usually,often,sometimes, seldom,never
③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally
(2)地點(diǎn)副詞
①表地點(diǎn):here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere
?、诒砦恢藐P(guān)系(后接賓語(yǔ)時(shí),用作介詞):above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,away,near,off,past
(3)方式副詞 表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“怎樣地”,(此類(lèi)副詞大部分由形容詞加ly構(gòu)成):badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly
(4)程度副詞 多數(shù)用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞:much,(a)little,a bit,very,so,too,enough,quite, rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly
(5)疑問(wèn)副詞 構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句:how,when, where,why
(6)連接副詞 連接主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)從句:how,when,where,why
(7)關(guān)系副詞 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句:when,where,why
(8)其它性質(zhì)的副詞 對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi):frankly(坦率地說(shuō),說(shuō)真的),generally(一般說(shuō)來(lái)),luckily(幸運(yùn)地是),first of all(首先)等。
2.副詞的用法及位置
(1)修飾動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)
?、俣鄶?shù)位于動(dòng)詞之后,及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)或介問(wèn)的賓語(yǔ)之后。
eg.The farmers are working hard in the field.
She speaks English well.
The nurse looks after the babies carefully.
?、陬l度副詞放在動(dòng)詞前,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之后。
eg.He always goes to school On foot.
She was often late for school.
I have never been to Beijing·
(2)修飾形容詞作狀語(yǔ),放在形容詞前。
eg.He has a very nice watch.
The box is too heavy.
(3)修飾另一副詞作狀語(yǔ),放在另一副詞前。
eg.She paints quite well.
You speak too fast.I can’t understand you.
(4)作表語(yǔ),放在系動(dòng)詞后。
eg.Is anybody in?
(5)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),放在賓語(yǔ)之后。
eg.I saw him out just now.
(6)作定語(yǔ),放在名詞之后。
eg.There is a man:here On vacation.
(7)疑問(wèn)副詞、修飾整個(gè)句子的副詞以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副詞,一般放在句首。
eg.Finally,I finished the work.
Perhaps he’s watching TV at home.
(8)表示程度的副詞一般放在被修飾詞前,而enough則放在它所修飾的詞后。
eg. He is old enough to go to school.
(三)形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)
1.比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成
(1)單音節(jié)和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞
?、僖话阍谠~尾加er或est
great--greater——greatest,young——younger——youngest,slow→slower→slowest
②以e結(jié)尾的只加r或st
nice——nicer----nicest,large——larger—largest.
③以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的,先變y為i,再加er或est
heavy——heavier——heaviest, easy——easier——easiest, busy——busier——busiest, funny——funnier——funniest,early---earlier---earliest
?、芤灾刈x閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的詞,先雙寫(xiě)最末的一個(gè)輔音字母,再加er或est 。
big——bigger——biggest, thin——thinner——thinnest,fat——fatter——fattest,fit——fitter——fittest
(2)多音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)詞,前加more為比較級(jí),加(the)most為最高級(jí)
careful→more careful——most careful
useful——more useful——most useful
popular→more popular→most popular
carelessly——more carelessly——most carelessly
(3)不規(guī)則變化的詞
good/well→better→best
bad/ill/badly→worse→worst
many/much→more→most
little→less→least
old→older/elder→oldest(指年齡大小)/eldest(指長(zhǎng)幼順序)
far→farther/further→farthest(指距離)/furthest(指程度)
2.形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的用法
(1)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的用法
?、儆糜趦烧弑容^,表示“比…更…”:
“A+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞比較級(jí)+than+B,
eg.I am two years older than my little sister.
“A+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+副詞比較級(jí)+than+B:
eg. She gets to school earlier than the other students.
?、谟糜趦烧咧g的同級(jí)比較,表示“…和…一樣”:
“A+系動(dòng)詞+as+形容詞原級(jí)+as+B,
eg.Bill is as funny as his father.
“A+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+as+副詞原級(jí)+as+B”
eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.
?、郾硎炯自谀撤矫娌蝗缫遥?/p>
“A+系動(dòng)詞+not as/so+形容詞原級(jí)+as十B”
eg.These books aren’t as interesting as those.
“A+助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+as/so+B”
eg.She didn’t sing so well that night as she usually does.
?、鼙硎灸硞€(gè)范圍內(nèi)的兩者相比:
“A十動(dòng)詞十the+比較級(jí)+of短語(yǔ)(比較范圍)” eg.Penny is the taller of the two girls.Penny是這兩個(gè)女孩中較高的一個(gè)。
?、荼硎?ldquo;越來(lái)越…”:“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”
eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer. 在春天,白天變得越來(lái)越長(zhǎng)。
⑥表示“越…越…”:“the+比較級(jí)…the+比較級(jí)”
eg.The more you practice using English,the better you’ll learn it 你英語(yǔ)練得越多,就會(huì)學(xué)得越好。
?、倏梢杂胢uch,far,even,a bit,a little,a lot等修飾比較級(jí)表示程度,但決不可用very修飾。
eg.Tom is a little taller than Mike.Tom比Mike稍高一點(diǎn);
it is even colder today than yesterday. 今天甚至比昨天更冷
⑧在比較級(jí)中,為了避免重復(fù),可用that或those代替前面提到過(guò)的事情。
eg.The weather here is much hotter than that of our hometown.這兒比我的老家熱得多。
The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.這家商店的褲子比那家商店的褲子質(zhì)量好得多。
(3)形容詞和副詞最高級(jí)的用法
對(duì)三者或三者以上的人或物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)用最高級(jí)。形容詞最高級(jí)前面要加定冠詞the,副詞最高級(jí)前可加the,也可省掉the;后面可帶of/in短浯來(lái)說(shuō)明比較范圍:
“主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+the+形容詞最高級(jí)+of短語(yǔ)/in短語(yǔ)”
eg.She is the youngest of all.
“A+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+(the)+最高級(jí)+of短語(yǔ)/in短語(yǔ)”
eg.Linda draws most carefully in her class.
初三英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納:冠詞
用在名詞前,幫助說(shuō)明其意義
冠詞分為不定冠詞a/an和定冠詞the,放在名詞前。
a/an用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前(a用于輔音音素開(kāi)頭的詞前,an用于元音音素開(kāi)頭的詞前)。
1.不定冠詞
(1)不定冠詞的用法
?、俜褐?mdash;類(lèi)人或物。
eg.This is a pencil case.
She’s a doctor.
②指不具體的某個(gè)人或物。
eg.I met an old man On my way home.
③用在序數(shù)詞前,相當(dāng)于another。
eg.There’s a third boy near the shop.
?、鼙硎?ldquo;每—(個(gè))”,相當(dāng)于every。
eg.They have music lessons twice a week.
?、莨潭ù钆?。
a lot of,a lot,a little,a few,a glass Of,such a/an, have a word with,have a look,have a try,have a swim,a quarter,half an hour, three times a day,have a talk,give a talk,ten Yuan a kilo
(2)不定冠詞的位置
①不定冠詞—般放在所修飾的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。
eg,a bike,an egg
?、诋?dāng)名詞被such,what,many修飾時(shí),不定冠詞放在這些詞之后。
eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.
He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.
What a dangerous job it is!
Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.
?、郛?dāng)名詞前的形容詞前有so,how,too等詞時(shí),不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后。
Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.
How nice a film this is!
?、墚?dāng)名詞前面有形容詞和quite,rather,very時(shí),不定冠詞放在quite,rather之后,very之前。
eg.It is quite a good book.
That is rather a useful too1.
This is a very interesting story
2.定冠詞的用法表示上文中所提到過(guò)的人或物。
eg:l have two children,a boy and a girl.The boy's name is Mark.The girl’s name is Penny.
(2)特指某(些)人或物。
eg: The girl in a red dress comes from America.
(3)指說(shuō)話(huà)人和聽(tīng)話(huà)人都熟悉的人或物。
eg: My shoes are under the bed.
(4)用在形容最高級(jí)和部分比較級(jí)前。
eg. Tom is the taller of the two boys.
(5)用在序數(shù)詞前。
eg Monday is the second day of a week.
(6)用在世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前(如太陽(yáng)、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等)。
eg The moon moves round the earth.
(7)用在某些形容詞前,表示—類(lèi)人或物,同時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
the rich(富人),the poor(窮人),the deaf(聾人),the blind(盲人),the dead(死者),the wounded(傷員)
(8)用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前,表示“某某—家人”或“某某夫婦”。
eg.The Greens are having dinner at home.
(9)用在樂(lè)器前。
eg.play the piano/guitar/violin/drums.
(10)用于逢“十”的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞前,指某個(gè)世紀(jì)中的幾十年代或人的大約年歲。
eg. in the 1970s, a highway was built to link up the city with my hometown.
I think he is in the thirties.
(11)用在某些專(zhuān)有名詞和習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中。
the United Nations,the Great Wall,the Summer Palace,the Palace Museum,in the end,in the day,in the middle Of,all the time,in the east,by the way,On the way tO,the(more)...
the(more)…“越…越…”
3.不用冠詞的情況
(1)名詞前有指示代詞this,that,these,those時(shí)不用冠詞。
eg.That girl is my friend.
(2)名詞前有物主代詞my,your,his her,their等時(shí)不用冠詞。
eg.Lucy is her sister.
(3)名詞前有whose,which,SO[1ie,any,each,every等代詞時(shí)不用冠詞。
eg.Which man is Mr Green?
Each student has a beautiful picture.
(4)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類(lèi)人或物時(shí)不用冠詞。
eg.Those young men are teachers,not students.
(5)物質(zhì)名詞表示種類(lèi)時(shí)不用冠詞。
eg.Snow is white.
(6)抽象名詞表示一般概念時(shí)不用冠詞。
eg.Does she like music?
(7)在球類(lèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)和棋類(lèi)游戲前時(shí)不用冠詞。
eg.play basketball/soccer/chess
(8)在三餐前不用冠詞。
eg.have breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner
(9)在人名、地名、節(jié)假日、星期、月份前不用。
Eg. Tina,China,Tian an men Square,Beijing University,New Year’s Day,Tuesday,January
(10)在學(xué)科和節(jié)目名稱(chēng)前不用冠詞。
eg.My favorite is English.
(11)在某些固定搭配中不用冠詞。
eg.at noon, at work,at home,by bus, by air,On foot,from morning till night,at night,go to school,go to bed,at last
4.在有些詞組中,用冠詞和不用冠詞意思有較大區(qū)別。
in hospital(在住院);in the hospital(在醫(yī)院)
in prison(在坐牢);in the prison(在監(jiān)獄里)
at table(吃飯,用餐);at the table(在桌旁)
in front of(在某個(gè)范圍之外的前面);in the front of(在某個(gè)范圍之外的前面)
go to college(上大學(xué));go to the college(去那所大學(xué))
take place(發(fā)生);take the place(代替)
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