重要注解：

　　(1) 關(guān)于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：

　　① 英語的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩大類：

　　后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的叫及物動(dòng)詞;本身意義完整,后面不需跟賓語的叫不及物動(dòng)詞。

　?、?有些動(dòng)詞通常只作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。

　　有些動(dòng)詞通常用作及物動(dòng)詞。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。

　?、?大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞可以兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。如：study, sing等。

　　④ 有些動(dòng)詞作及物動(dòng)詞與作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)的意義有所不同。如：know, wash等。

　?、?有些動(dòng)詞常和介詞 、副詞或其它詞類一起構(gòu)成固定詞組,形成短語動(dòng)詞。如：listen,reply,wait,look.

　　(2) 關(guān)于連系動(dòng)詞：

　?、?連系動(dòng)詞用來連接主語和表語,連系動(dòng)詞后面常為形容詞。

　?、?常見的連系動(dòng)詞有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。

　　③ 有些連系動(dòng)詞來源于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,意思也跟著變化：look(看→看起來)、feel(感覺、摸→感到)、 smell(聞、嗅→聞起來)、taste(嘗→嘗起來)、turn(翻轉(zhuǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)→變得)、grow(生長→變得)、get(得到、到達(dá)→變得)、go(去→變得),所不同的是,作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),后面不能跟形容詞。

　　[注釋]

　　become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法區(qū)別：become表示“變成”,比較正式,通常不用將來時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。get也表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,但是更加口語化,通常表示溫度、時(shí)間、歲數(shù)等變化。go表示“變得”,常見于某些短語中,后面常有形容詞bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成為、當(dāng)”,多用于將來時(shí)、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“變得”,常指逐漸的變化,表示身高、歲數(shù)的增長。turn表示“變得”,指變?yōu)榕c原先不同的情況,通常指顏色等變化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill.(我淋雨感冒了)/ He has got rich.(他變富了)/ He will be a scientist in the future.(將來他將成為科學(xué)家)/ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year.(在過去的一年里我的弟弟長得高多了)/ The sandwich has gone bad.(那塊三明治已經(jīng)變壞)/ Her face turned red after her mother criticized(批評(píng)) her.(媽媽批評(píng)了他以后他的臉變紅了)

　　(3) 關(guān)于助動(dòng)詞：

　　①常見的助動(dòng)詞有：用于進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成時(shí)的have(has,had,having) ;用于將來時(shí)的shall (should) ; will (would)和用于一般時(shí)的do(does,did) .

　?、谥鷦?dòng)詞必須同主語的人稱和數(shù)一致,也就是說因主語人稱、數(shù)的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助動(dòng)詞也可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：shall, will, should, would.

　　(4) 關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：

　?、俪Ｒ姷那閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面必須加動(dòng)詞的原形。

　?、赾an表示體力、腦力方面的能力或客觀的可能性。口語中, 在詢問或說明一件事可不可以做時(shí),常用“can”代替“may”。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“can”的過去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot”通常縮寫成“can’t”,“could”的否定式是“could not”,通?？s寫成“couldn’t”。如：Can I help you?(要幫忙嗎?)/ He can swim.(他會(huì)游泳)/ That can’t be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生)

　?、?may表示允許、請(qǐng)求或可能性,用may提問時(shí),肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,you may.;否定回答一般用can’t或mustn’t. 如：May I ask you a question?—Certainly.(可以問你一個(gè)問題嗎?當(dāng)然可以)/ You may go now.(現(xiàn)在你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里)

　?、?must表示“必須”、“一定”的意思。表示“必須”時(shí)否定形式是mustn’t;表示“一定”時(shí),否定形式是“can’t” 如：We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我們過馬路時(shí)一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.(那準(zhǔn)是杰克)/ I haven’t seen Kate today. She can’t be here.(我今天沒有看到過凱特,她不可能在這里)

　　[注意]用must(必須)進(jìn)行提問時(shí),肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t;用must(一定)進(jìn)行提問時(shí),肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用can’t.如：Must we clean the room before we leave? –Yes,you must.或No,you needn’t.(我們走之前必須要打掃房間嗎?是的,必須打掃。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm? –Yes,she must.或No,she can’t.(她一定在房間里嗎?是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。)

　?、?“have to”表示“不得不”、“必須”。We’ll have to leave now for it is very late at night.

　　have to的疑問形式是：助動(dòng)詞+…+have to,否定形式是：助動(dòng)詞+not+have to或者用needn’t.如：Do you have to stay until 8 o’clock?(你得呆到8點(diǎn)鐘嗎?)/ You don’t have to do so.(=You needn’t do so.)(你不用這么做)

　　⑥ shall在問句中,可表示征求對(duì)方意見,與第一人稱連用;在陳述句的第二、三人稱的主語后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允許”等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?(我們這個(gè)周末去動(dòng)物園好嗎?)/ He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必須帶自己的書來)

　　⑦ should可表示“勸告”、“建議”、“驚奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely.(我們應(yīng)該禮貌地對(duì)老人講話)

　　⑧ will表示“意愿”、“決心”等意思,一般與第二人稱連用。如：Will you please close the door for me?(請(qǐng)你替我把門關(guān)上好嗎?)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教訓(xùn)你一頓)

　?、醱ould表示過去的“意愿”、“決心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.(每次他回到家中總要坐在火爐邊)

　　would也可以表示現(xiàn)在的情況,表達(dá)說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢龅囊?語氣比“will”婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣。在日常會(huì)話中,“我想要…”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(I’d) like to”來表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment?(你現(xiàn)在想要休息一下嗎?)

　　would還可以表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people.(每一年父母們總是向孩子們講述這個(gè)將會(huì)拯救他的人民的男孩的事)

　?、?need表示“需要”,用于疑問句或否定句。“need”作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),在肯定、否定、疑問句中都可以用。如：He needn’t do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做這件事)/ He needs some help.(他需要一些幫助)/ He doesn’t need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就無須帶上足球襪了)

　?、?dare是“敢”的意思,用法幾乎與“need”完全相同,即在疑問句和否定句中,可以作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,后面用不帶“to”的動(dòng)詞不定式。在肯定句中和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一樣,后面的動(dòng)詞不定式要帶“to”。How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢說我是個(gè)傻瓜?)/ He didn’t dare to touch the red button.(他不敢觸碰那個(gè)紅色的按鈕)

　?、?‘d better (do)(“最好是”)一般也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用,否定式是：’d better not (do). 如：You’d better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在這兒不講話)/ You’d better not speak because he is sleeping.(你最好不要講話因?yàn)樗谒X)

　　蘇教版初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)：動(dòng)詞詞形變化

　　(1)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：

　　注意：①在加ing或ed時(shí)動(dòng)詞如果以“r”結(jié)尾,尾音節(jié)又重讀的動(dòng)詞,“r”應(yīng)雙寫。

　?、趕/es的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀[s];在濁輔音后和元音后讀[z];在[ s ]、[ F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后讀[iz].

　?、踖d的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀[t];在濁輔音后和元音后讀[d];在[t]、[d]后讀[id].

　　(2)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：( 原形 → 過去式 → 過去分詞)

　　蘇教版初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)：be動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化

　　注意：句型變化時(shí),

　　否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫為n’t (am后面not不可以縮寫);

　　疑問句將am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。

　　蘇教版初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)：八種時(shí)態(tài)的具體用法

　　(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或說明主語的特征。

　　①　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句子中常有的時(shí)間狀語：often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他們每年去一次故宮)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他們經(jīng)常在晚上商談生意)

　?、凇”硎究陀^真理、事實(shí)、人的技能或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時(shí)句子里一般不用時(shí)間狀語。如：The earth turns round the sun.(地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn))/ Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快)

　?、?表示十分確定會(huì)發(fā)生(如安排好的事情)或按照時(shí)間表進(jìn)行的事情,用一般現(xiàn)在可以表達(dá)將來,句子中可以有將來時(shí)間。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(開往漢口的列車上午8點(diǎn)開車)

　　④ 在時(shí)間狀語從句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引導(dǎo))和條件狀語從句中(以if,unless引導(dǎo)),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí),句子可以有將來時(shí)間。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德國就給我打電話) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我們就只好呆在家)

　?、?一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用于倒裝句中可以表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞以come, go為主。如：Here comes the bus. (車來了) / There goes the bell.(鈴響了)。

　?、?一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用于體育比賽的解說或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.

　?、?人的心理活動(dòng)和感官動(dòng)作一般用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)而不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá),常見動(dòng)詞有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(認(rèn)為),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在這兒)

　　(2) 一般過去時(shí) 表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)可能是一次性,也可能經(jīng)常

　　發(fā)生。

　　①　表示過去具體時(shí)刻發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六點(diǎn)鐘起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小湯姆今天早上九點(diǎn)半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走進(jìn)房間時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)陌生人正和他父親談話)

　　②　表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)不知何時(shí)發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年來到我們市)

　?、邸”硎具^去一個(gè)階段中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.

　?、堋≈v故事、對(duì)過去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過去事件等一般用過去時(shí),而且經(jīng)常省略時(shí)間狀語。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)

　　(3) 一般將來時(shí) 表示將來某一時(shí)刻或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

　　①一般將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon, someday,sometime, in the future, when引導(dǎo)的從句等。

　?、凇∮脀ill構(gòu)成的將來時(shí),表示動(dòng)作與人的主觀愿望無關(guān)。“shall”用于第一人稱,“will” 用于所有人稱。如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要從這所中學(xué)畢業(yè)了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一個(gè)人過了)

　?、邸?ldquo;am/is/are going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發(fā)生的事情,而“am/is/are to +動(dòng)詞原形”表示安排或計(jì)劃中的動(dòng)作。如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一個(gè)人告訴他們那個(gè)婦女就會(huì)生下那個(gè)特別的男孩)/ It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)

　?、堋”硎疽粋€(gè)人臨時(shí)決定要做某事,可以用will表達(dá)。如：I will go to the lab to get some

　　chemicals(化學(xué)藥劑). So please wait until I return.(我要到化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室去取些藥品,請(qǐng)等我回頭)

　?、荨‖F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可以表示將來。(見相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài))

　　⑥　shall和will 在口語的一些疑問句中相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。Shall一般與第一人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我們下周六去動(dòng)物園好嗎?)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把門打開好嗎?)

　?、?“be to +動(dòng)詞原形”表示按照計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的事情。如：An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.

　　(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或是現(xiàn)階段正發(fā)生而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

　　① 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞be (am is are ) +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。

　?、?現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有： now, this …, these…等,但經(jīng)常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在樹上干什么?)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫一本長篇小說)

　?、?表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動(dòng)詞有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：I’m coming now.(我就來)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么?)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)

　?、?表示頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借錢,過一些時(shí)候就忘得一干二凈)

　　(5)過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

　?、?過去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was(第一、三人稱單數(shù))或were(第二人稱單數(shù)和各人稱的復(fù)數(shù))+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。

　　② 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時(shí)候她正在玩玩具)

　?、?用于賓語從句或時(shí)間狀語從句中,表示與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行而且是延續(xù)時(shí)間較長。句子中通常不用時(shí)間狀語。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路過時(shí)看到事情的發(fā)生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們?cè)诤诎档纳掷镒邥r(shí)唱了很多歌)

　　④ 也可以表示過去一個(gè)階段頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在這里時(shí)老向我借錢)

　　(6)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)發(fā)生在過去的、對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作,或表示開始在過去,并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。

　?、僭谕瓿蓵r(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have (has)+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

　?、诒硎景l(fā)生在過去的對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來沒有看過這么好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛?cè)ビ?

　?、郾硎驹谶^去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能延續(xù)下去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開家鄉(xiāng)有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作)

　?、芸谡Z中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他們圖書館有上萬本書)

　?、輍ave been to與have gone to的區(qū)別：have gone to(“已經(jīng)去了”)表示人不在這里,have been to(“去過”)表示人在這里。如：--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里?他去了英國。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情況嗎?是的,我去過那里三次。)

　?、拊谕瓿蓵r(shí)中,一個(gè)瞬間性動(dòng)詞(一次性動(dòng)作)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,此時(shí)須將該瞬間動(dòng)詞改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

　　[注意] 在其它的時(shí)態(tài)中也存在類似問題,記住,關(guān)鍵是：瞬間動(dòng)詞不能和表達(dá)一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如：How long may I keep the book?(這本書我能借多久?)(句子中keep取代了borrow)

　　(7) 過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。簡言之, 過去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間是“過去的過去”。

　　①過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

　?、谶^去完成時(shí)時(shí)間狀語有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when,before等引出狀語從句。有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語,也會(huì)有for… 或since…構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(當(dāng)老師來的時(shí)候他們已經(jīng)打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他發(fā)覺那個(gè)婦女是個(gè)騙子時(shí)她已經(jīng)走掉了)

　　③過去完成時(shí)常用于賓語從句中、after引導(dǎo)的從句中,或者從句是before引導(dǎo)的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進(jìn)了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說他以前從來沒有見過袋鼠)

　　(8) 過去將來時(shí) 過去將來時(shí)表示在過去預(yù)計(jì)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。

　?、龠^去將來時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞should(第一人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。在美國英語中,過去將來時(shí)的助動(dòng)詞一律用“would +動(dòng)詞原形”。

　?、谶^去將來時(shí)常由于賓語從句中,時(shí)間狀語有：later, soon, the next (day).

　　③在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中不可以使用過去將來時(shí),而應(yīng)該使用一般過去時(shí)。如：He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答應(yīng)付給我許多錢如果我?guī)椭隳莻€(gè)項(xiàng)目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就會(huì)坐下來看看書)

　?、鼙硎炯兇獾膶頃r(shí)用would或should,表示打算或主觀認(rèn)為的事情用was/were going to (+動(dòng)詞原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個(gè)月就18歲了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗去散步)

　　⑤過去將來時(shí)還可以表示一個(gè)過去經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。如：When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時(shí)他會(huì)隨身帶一把雨傘)

　　(9)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指一個(gè)從過去就開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并由可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作,它具有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)雙重特征,結(jié)構(gòu)是：“have/has + been +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”。如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已經(jīng)在冰冷的水里游了將近兩個(gè)小時(shí))/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在這里一直等了多久?)

　　6、被動(dòng)語態(tài)：

　　(1)被動(dòng)語態(tài)定義：被動(dòng)語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,用來說明主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。如果主語是 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(即某人做某事),便叫主動(dòng)語態(tài);如果主語是動(dòng)作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)的區(qū)別不是詞序的區(qū)別,而是主語與謂語意義上的區(qū)別。在英語中只有及物動(dòng)詞和一些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的詞組才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式。

　　(2)英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。被動(dòng)語態(tài)后的by短語有時(shí)可省去。具體結(jié)構(gòu)見下表：

　　[注] p.p.表示過去分詞。

　　(1) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法：

　　① 不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(即不知道誰做)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語態(tài),省略by短語。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一個(gè)人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(這扇窗子是昨天被打破的)

　　②不說或者眾所周知是誰做時(shí),用被動(dòng)語態(tài),省略by短語。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(這個(gè)地方也種水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后這里將要修建一條鐵路)

　?、蹚?qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者,句尾加by短語。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(書)是魯迅寫的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(寵物狗是不會(huì)被主人宰殺的)

　　(2) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)如何改寫為被動(dòng)語態(tài)：

　　(3) 注意點(diǎn)：

　?、?ldquo;動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),可以用間接賓語做被動(dòng)句的主語。如：

　　His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→他得到老師一本字典)

　　也可以用直接賓語做被動(dòng)句的主語,但是需用to或者for引出原句的間接賓語。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→一本字典由老師送給了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父親給他做了一個(gè)風(fēng)箏→一個(gè)風(fēng)箏由他的父親做給了他)

　?、?ldquo;動(dòng)詞+賓語+動(dòng)詞原形”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),動(dòng)詞原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板讓這個(gè)可憐的人一天工作12小時(shí)→這個(gè)可憐人被迫一天工作12小時(shí))

　?、?ldquo;動(dòng)詞+…+介詞”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),介詞一般在原位不動(dòng)。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顧小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顧著)

　?、?ldquo;be+過去分詞”未必表示被動(dòng)語態(tài),而可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

　　He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高興/焦慮/疲勞……)

　　He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被動(dòng))(他被擊中/撞倒/關(guān)照/射中……)

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