寫(xiě)作教學(xué)具有悠久的歷史。但直到20世紀(jì)80年代,隨著第二語(yǔ)言習(xí)得理論研究的不斷深入,二語(yǔ)或者外語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作教學(xué)才逐漸成為熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。寫(xiě)作教學(xué)具有悠久的歷史。但直到20世紀(jì)80年代,隨著第二語(yǔ)言習(xí)得理論研究的不斷深入,二語(yǔ)或者外語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作教學(xué)才逐漸成為熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。以下是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為大家搜集整合的關(guān)于英文寫(xiě)作的常用邏輯詞匯，希望可以幫助到大家!
英文寫(xiě)作常用邏輯詞匯如下：

　　1. 并列關(guān)系

　　and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example

　　2. 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

　　although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite

　　3. 順序關(guān)系

　　first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next

　　4. 因果關(guān)系

　　as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently, on account of

　　5. 歸納關(guān)系

　　as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word

　　幾個(gè)用得比較多的句子:

　　As far as I am concerned, the advantages of … outweigh its disadvantages.Nevertheless, the disadvantages of … is undeniable.

　　To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ In a word, it is true that … bring about both positive and negative results. But we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the least extent.

　　Obviously, in every aspect, …

　　This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…

　　As to the other three, though the growth rates were not so high, they were indeed remarkable and impressive.

　　英文作文中常用套句

　　下文中出現(xiàn)的 A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody),

　　要在寫(xiě)作中要根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行適當(dāng)替換.

　　開(kāi)頭:

　　When it comes to ..., some think ...

　　There is a public debate today that ...

　　A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?

　　Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.

　　提出觀點(diǎn):

　　Now there is a growing awareness that...

　　It is time we explore the truth of ...

　　Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.

　　進(jìn)一步提出觀點(diǎn):

　　... but that is only part of the history.

　　Another equally important aspect is ...

　　A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...

　　Besides, other reasons are...

　　提出假想例子的方式:

　　Suppose that...

　　Just imagine what would be like if...

　　It is reasonable to expect...

　　It is not surprising that...

　　舉普通例子:

　　For example(instance),...

　　... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)

　　A good case in point is...

　　A particular example for this is...

　　引用:

　　One of the greatest early writers said ...

　　"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...

　　"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

　　"......". How often we hear such words like there.

　　講故事

　　(先說(shuō)故事主體),this story is not rare.

　　..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.

　　..., the story still has a realistic significance.

　　提出原因:

　　There are many reasons for ...

　　Why .... , for one thing,...

　　The answer to this problem involves many factors.

　　Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...

　　The first reason can be obiviously seen.

　　Most people would agree that...

　　Some people may neglect that in fact ...

　　Others suggest that...

　　Part of the explanation is ...

　　進(jìn)行對(duì)比:

　　The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...

　　Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...

　　Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.

　　A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...

　　承上啟下:

　　To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...

　　A study of ... will make this point clear

　　讓步:

　　Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...

　　I do not deny that A has its own merits.

　　結(jié)尾:

　　>From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw

　　the conclusion that ...

　　In summary, it is wiser ...

　　In short...

　　在作文中引用合適的名言警句,會(huì)給你的文章增色許多。這里收集了我本人喜愛(ài)的一些名言,可能會(huì)對(duì)你有用。我們使用引用的位置可以在開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾或正文段落中.

　　常見(jiàn)的使用形式如下:

　　One of the greatest early writers said ...

　　"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...

　　"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

　　"......". How often we hear such words like there.

　　Useful quotations

　　逆境

　　by Robert Collier

　　In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.

　　努力與成功

　　by Ann Landers

　　Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them.

　　堅(jiān)持

　　by Ralph Waldo Emerson

　　No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.

　　Confucius 孔子

　　Our greatest glory is not in never falling...

　　but in rising every time we fall.

　　堅(jiān)持

　　Mother Teresa

　　To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.

　　Henry Ford

　　Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs.

　　Winston Churchill

　　Never, never, never, never give up.

　　Albert Einstein

　　In uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity.

　　努力與成功

　　by Crassus

　　Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.

　　Thomas Edison

　　There is no substitute for hard work.

　　Leo Tolstoi

　　The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.

　　Thomas Jefferson

　　I'm a great believer in luck,

　　and I find the harder I work...

　　the more I have of it.

　　Robert Collier

　　Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.

　　Ray A. Croc

　　Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.

　　實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)與間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)

　　You'll learn more about a road by traveling it...

　　than by consulting all the maps in the world.

　　動(dòng)機(jī)與結(jié)果

　　Vince Lombardi

　　Winning isn't everything...

　　but wanting to win is.

　　John F. Kennedy

　　We choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard.

　　Thucydides

　　The strong do what they will.

　　The weak do what they must.

　　為人態(tài)度:

　　John Wooden

　　Talent is God given--Be Humble.

　　Fame is man given-- Be Thankful.

　　Conceit is self given --Be Careful.

　　行動(dòng):

　　Theodore Roosevelt

　　Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are.

　　Publilius Syrus Maxim

　　No one knows what he can do till he tries.

　　Terence

　　There is nothing so easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly.

　　Thomas Fuller

　　A wise man turns chance into good fortune.

　　William Hazlitt

　　Prosperity is a great teacher;

　　adversity is a greater.

　　William Penn

　　No pains, no palm;

　　no thorns, no throne;

　　no gall , no glory;

　　no cross, no crown.

　　Will Rogers

　　Even if you're on the right track, you'll get run over... if you just sit there.

　　Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.

　　Knock rather on opportunity's door if you ardently wish to enter.

　　成功與失敗

　　Vince Lombardi

　　It's not whether you get knocked down.

　　...It's whether you get up again.

　　Winston Churchill

　　An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;

　　a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.

　　熱情(年輕/年老)

　　Ralph Waldo Emerson

　　Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.

　　信心

　　James Allen

　　The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.

　　Samuel Johnson

　　Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.

　　Aughey

　　Lost time is never found again.

　　Voltaire

　　No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.

　　Napoleon

　　Victory belongs to the most persevering.

　　細(xì)心

　　Euipides

　　Leave no stone unturned.

　　計(jì)劃與工作

　　Norman Vincent Peale

　　Plan your work for today and every day;

　　then work your plan.

　　Henry Ford

　　Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again.

　　Thomas Edison

　　I start where the last man left off.

　　理想與現(xiàn)實(shí)

　　What the mind of man can conceive and believe,

　　the mind of a man can achieve.

　　勤奮

　　Benjamin Franklin

　　Plough deep while sluggards sleep.

　　目標(biāo)

　　Henry David Thoreau

　　In the lone run men hit only what they aim at.

　　幸運(yùn)

　　Emily Dickinson

　　Luck is not chance...

　　It's toil...

　　Fortune's expensive smile is earned.

　　勤奮

　　Thomas Edison

　　Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.

　　Useful Quotations

　　想象力

　　Albert Einstein

　　Imagination is more important than knowledge.

　　挑戰(zhàn):

　　Walter Begehot

　　The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.

　　機(jī)會(huì)與準(zhǔn)備

　　Abraham Lincoln

　　I will prepare and some day my chance will come.

　　信心與事實(shí)

　　Henry Ford

　　Whether you think you can or think you can't -- you are right.

　　English Proverb

　　Where there's a will there's a way.

　　There is no failure excepting no longer trying.

　　Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.

　　ous when B’s advantages are taken into consideration.

　　●表示比較和對(duì)照關(guān)系的句型:

　　1) A is to B what/ as C is to D(A之于B猶如C之于D).

　　2) Just as..., so...

　　3) A and B have sth in common.

　　4) A is similar to B.

　　5) The same is true of,The same can be said of(……也是如此).

　　6) The advantages of A are much greater than B.

　　7) compared with B, A has many advantages.

　　8) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages(利大于弊).

　　9) Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too.

　　10) Although A enjoys considerable advantage over..., it can not compete with B in...

　　11) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe that...

　　12) What people fail to consider is that...

　　13) It is one thing to insist that..., it is quite another to show that...

　　14) Nothing can rival…(……是無(wú)與倫比的)

　　15) …has drawbacks as well as merits.

　　16) A is superior(inferior) to B.

　　17) ...varies from person to person(……是因人而異的)

　　18) A is just the opposite (to B)

　　19) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)

　　20) …is not the same (as)

　　●過(guò)渡性句型:

　　1) this is true that...

　　2) This is true, no doubt, but...

　　3) ...also...

　　4) It is one thing to...; it is another to...

　　●描寫(xiě)圖表和數(shù)據(jù)的句型

　　1) .. . rank first (both) in...

　　2) .. .in proportion to...

　　3) A is by far the largest...

　　4) As many as....

　　5) The number is ...times as much as that of ...

　　6) The figure has nearly doubled/tripled, as against that of last year.

　　7) It accounts for 35% of...

　　8) By comparison with ..., it decreased/increased/fell from...to...

　　9) ...rise rapidly(slowly)

　　10) ...remain level...

　　11) ...reach ...

　　12)There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid rise/increase demand./income./population./prices./production./decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in

　　13) be on the increase/decrease/rise/decline (……在不斷的增加,減少,上升,下降)

　　●圖表作文中的過(guò)渡、概括句型:

　　1) As can be indicated in the table, ...

　　2) As we could find out later, ...

　　3) As is revealed in the table,...

　　4) As the survey results show,...

　　5) This table provides several important points of comparison

　　between,...

　　6) The two graphs depict the same thing in ...

　　7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:

　　8) According to the figures given in the table, ...

　　9) This chart shows that ...

　　10) As is shown by the graph, ...

　　11) It can be seen from the statistics that ...

　　12) It is generally believed /accepted/thought/held ...

　　●說(shuō)明原因的句型:

　　1) There are some/two/many good reasons for.../to do...

　　2) We have two good reasons for...

　　3) The reason for ... is that + 從句

　　4) Among the most convincing reasons given by people for..., one should be mentioned...

　　5) One may think of the trend as a result of...

　　6) The change in... largely results from the fact that...

　　7) There are several causes for this significant growth in... irst...

　　8) A number of factors could account for the ....

　　9) It is no simple task to give the reason for ...

　　10) The cause of /reason for higher prices was an increase in demand.

　　11) Because/As/Now that/Since the demand has increased, the prices are higher.

　　12) An increase in demand causes/results in/leads to/produces higher prices.

　　13) The demand has increased.

　　14) Therefore,/As a result,/For this reason,/Because of this,/Consequently, the prices are higher.

　　15) If there is an increase in demand, then prices rise./go up. /boost./are higher.

　　16) Different people look at...in different ways...

　　●表示不同看法的句型:

　　1) Different people have/hold different opinions/views on the question/problem/matter. Some believe that ...; Others argue that... :Still others maintain that

　　2) They are quite different from each other in their opinions.

　　3) Some people hold the opinion that it is good to ....

　　4) They think quite differently on this question.

　　5) Opinions vary from individual to individual, from culture to culture.

　　●表示必須,緊急,有困難做某事的句型:

　　1) It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable) for sb. to do sth.

　　2) ...have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing sth. (有困難做某事)

　　英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作20字訣

　　Agreement: 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)、數(shù)上的一致,關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的一致。

　　Ambiguity: 盡量不去使用可能引起歧義的詞語(yǔ)或句子。

　　Brief: 文章"簡(jiǎn)為貴",要抓住要點(diǎn),簡(jiǎn)明扼要。

　　Coherence: 文理通順,前后連貫。

　　Development: 主題的發(fā)揮應(yīng)當(dāng)充分、合理、正確。

　　Division: 詞匯、句子、段落要分配使用得當(dāng),劃分要清楚,避免使用重復(fù)字句和種子片段。

　　Figures: 正確合理使用各類(lèi)修辭格式。

　　Inflated diction: 不使用做作的語(yǔ)言。

　　Key: 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)鍵詞突出主題,每段都應(yīng)有主題句。

　　Logical: 內(nèi)容要符合邏輯。

　　Message: 信息要新鮮、確實(shí)、可信。

　　Omit: 合理刪除多余的不必要部分。

　　Proposition: 主張、觀點(diǎn)、論述要清楚肯切、合情入理。

　　Punctuation: 正確適時(shí)使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。

　　Relevant: 文章一定要要題。

　　Sentence pattern: 句型要盡量多樣化。

　　Strait: 開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,直來(lái)直去。

　　Style: 文體恰切,適合內(nèi)容要求。

　　Tense: 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)要正確、一致、變化合理。

　　Theme: 選題得當(dāng),主題突出。

　　1.開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,揭示主題

　　文章一開(kāi)頭,,就交待清楚文章的主題是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎樣度假)的開(kāi)頭是:

　　I Spent my last vacation happily.

　　下面是題為"Honesty"(談?wù)\實(shí))一文中的開(kāi)頭:

　　Honesty is one of the best virtues.An honest man is always trusted and respected.On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar",and is looked upon by honest people.

　　2.交代人物、事情、時(shí)間或環(huán)境開(kāi)頭

　　在文章的開(kāi)頭,先把人物、事件和環(huán)境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的開(kāi)頭:

　　The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.

　　3. 回憶性的開(kāi)頭

　　用回憶的方法來(lái)開(kāi)頭。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的開(kāi)頭是:

　　I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.

　　4.概括性的開(kāi)頭

　　即對(duì)要在文章中敘述的人或事先作一個(gè)概括性的介紹。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(讀書(shū)的快樂(lè))的開(kāi)頭:

　　People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.

　　5.介紹環(huán)境式的開(kāi)頭

　　即開(kāi)頭利用自然景物或自然環(huán)境引出要介紹的事物。如“An Accident”(一場(chǎng)事故)的開(kāi)頭是:

　　It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.

　　6.交待寫(xiě)作目的的開(kāi)頭。

　　在文章的一開(kāi)頭就交待寫(xiě)作目的,如通過(guò)文章要表?yè)P(yáng)誰(shuí),批評(píng)誰(shuí),或說(shuō)明一個(gè)什么問(wèn)題等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的開(kāi)頭:

　　In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.

　　英語(yǔ)作文的文章的正文

　　文章的正文是由若干段落組成的,段落通常由幾個(gè)或者更多的句子組成,有時(shí)候一個(gè)句子也能成段。

　　文章的正文應(yīng)以文章的開(kāi)頭為線(xiàn)索,具體地?cái)⑹觥⒄f(shuō)明或論證文章的主題。文章不論長(zhǎng)短,每個(gè)段落都必須為主題服務(wù)。像說(shuō)明文和議論文這一類(lèi)的文章,一個(gè)主題還常分成幾個(gè)小主題,每個(gè)小主題要用一個(gè)段落處理,另起一段時(shí),應(yīng)是一層新的意思。每一段的開(kāi)頭,要放一個(gè)表示段落小主題的主題句,這樣可使文章條理化,易于閱讀,便于讀者抓住主題。段內(nèi)的所有句子應(yīng)圍繞主題句的意義加以闡述或論證,為中心思想服務(wù)。句子之間應(yīng)銜結(jié)自然,有條不紊,而且還要合乎邏輯,段落中不能出現(xiàn)任何與主題無(wú)關(guān)的句子;英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作比較重視主題句的作用,缺少它段落意義就會(huì)含糊不清。主題句也可放在段落的中間和末尾等部位,但對(duì)初學(xué)者來(lái)說(shuō),以放在段首為好。見(jiàn)下列這篇題為"How to Be a Good Student" (怎樣做個(gè)好學(xué)生)的文章:

　　We students are the builders and masters of the country. It is important for us to know how to be a good student.

　　A good student, I think, should be diligent in his studies. The more he studies, the more he will increase his knowledge. Without enough knowledge, we cannot make great contributions to the modernization of our country.

　　To take care of one's own body is another important thing for good student to do. Anyone, who hasn't got a strong body, can do nothing for his country, even if he has much knowledge. There was a man, who, when he was student, studied hard but neglected his health. No sooner did he come to serve the country than he died of poor health. From this we may see that to have a strong body is really very important for a student.

　　Lastly, to cultivate one's own virtue is most important. Virtue is the essence

　　of a noble and good character. It will greatly help one to be useful and his country heart and soul. When learned people go astray, they do more harm than good to society. We should draw lessons from this.

　　這篇文章的第一段引出了文章的主題,第二、第三和第四段則是文章的正文,每—段的第一句即是段落的主題句,它們既支持了文章中心的觀點(diǎn)和思想,同時(shí)又概括了全段的意思。在同一段落中,其余的句子都圍繞主題句所表示的中心展開(kāi),同時(shí)句子間的銜結(jié)也很自然;各層的意思都很連貫。

　　分段是文章組織上重要的一步,但如果寫(xiě)的題目范圍很小,那就無(wú)須再將題目分成小的主題,并分入各個(gè)段落去闡述了。像一篇簡(jiǎn)短的評(píng)論;某一事情的簡(jiǎn)短記載,某一個(gè)想法的說(shuō)明,對(duì)一個(gè)人物或一件事情的簡(jiǎn)要敘述或說(shuō)明等,就可以只用一個(gè)段落來(lái)表現(xiàn)主題。

　　在記敘文中,段的結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可以很簡(jiǎn)單,不需要有主題句,敘事一氣呵成,中途沒(méi)有停頓。段與段之所以分開(kāi),只是為了起修辭作用,以便把某一細(xì)節(jié)置于顯著的地位。

　　某些測(cè)試用的表達(dá)題,在題目中就已經(jīng)說(shuō)明只需要根據(jù)。所給的提示寫(xiě)一個(gè)段落,而不是一篇文章。對(duì)于這一類(lèi)的寫(xiě)作試題,就可以予以簡(jiǎn)潔的處理,并不是非要擴(kuò)充成一篇有頭有尾的完整文章。

　　下面這篇題為“Weekend Homework”(談周末作業(yè))的短文,就是用一個(gè)段落來(lái)論述問(wèn)題和表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的。

　　Usally Saturday night is the time for students to get back to their desks and do their weekend homework. Six school days are enough for the students who have many other interests. I think weekend homework should not be given. With homework arranged for Saturday night and the whole of Sunday, when can he find time to help around the house, play a game of football or see a good film, or just relax? In fact weekend homework is usually put off until Sunday night. As a result our homework is done very poorly and we achive no results. If there were no homework on weekends, students would go to school on Monday well rested, willing to work. Teachers, don't you agree?

　　英語(yǔ)作文的文章的結(jié)尾

　　文章結(jié)尾的作用是概括全文內(nèi)容,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想,使文章意義表達(dá)得更加深刻。

　　文章結(jié)尾的形式也是多種多樣的,常見(jiàn)的有以下幾種:

　　1.首尾呼應(yīng),畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛

　　在文章的結(jié)尾,把含義較深的話(huà)放在末尾,以點(diǎn)明主題,深化主題,起到畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛的效果。如"I Cannot Forget Her" (我忘不了她)的結(jié)尾:

　　After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.

　　2.重復(fù)主題句

　　結(jié)尾回到文章開(kāi)頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上,達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我愛(ài)家鄉(xiāng))的結(jié)尾:

　　I love my home town, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.

　　3. 自然結(jié)尾

　　隨著文章的結(jié)束,文章自然而然地結(jié)尾。如“Fishing”(釣魚(yú))的結(jié)尾:

　　I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.

　　4.含蓄性的結(jié)尾

　　用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接點(diǎn)明作者的看法,而是讓讀者自己去領(lǐng)會(huì)和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的結(jié)尾:Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.

　　5.用反問(wèn)結(jié)尾

　　雖然形式是問(wèn)句,但意義卻是肯定的,并具有特別的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,引起讀者深思。如 "Should We Learn to Do Housework?" (我們要不要學(xué)做家務(wù)?) 的結(jié)尾。

　　Everyone should learn to do housework. Don't you agree, boys and girls?

　　6.指明方向,激勵(lì)讀者

　　結(jié)尾表示對(duì)將來(lái)的展望,或期待讀者投入行動(dòng)。如“Let's Go in for Sports”(讓我們參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng))的結(jié)尾:

　　As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let's go in for sports.